温室作物叶-气系统水流阻力研究初探

温室作物叶-气系统水流阻力的确定对计算作物蒸腾量、制定温室作物灌溉制度以及调控温室小气候具有重要意义,但测量难度较大。该文通过对温室作物周围环境微气象条件的连续观测，计算分析了温室作物叶-气系统水流阻力各分项即叶片周围层流副层边界层阻力(r_b)、冠层上方湍流边界层阻力(r_g)、空气动力学阻力(r_e)和叶片气孔阻力(r_i)的变化规律。结果表明：温室内r_b比较稳定，平均约235 s/m，且与环境因素关系不甚密切；温室内黄瓜、西红柿类植物生殖生长期r_g<b，在计算r_e时，r_g的影响可忽略，取r_e≈r_b；利用基于能量平衡方程和空气动力学方程得出的叶-气温差计算公式计算得到r_i，符合其变化的一般规律；在此基础上计算了温室黄瓜的蒸腾速率，与实测值的一致性较好。     

气象因子和土壤质地影响下刺槐蒸腾对土壤水分有效性的响应

On the Loess Plateau of China, a dry soil layer may form due to excess transpiration, leading to degradation of black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia) stands. In order to better manage projects involving black locust, this study was intended to investigate the response of black locust transpiration rate to soil water availability as affected by meteorological factors using two representative soils(loamy clay and sandy loam) on the Loess Plateau. Four soil water contents were maintained for black locust seedlings grown in pots initially outdoors and then in a climate-controlled chamber, by either drying or irrigating the pots. In both environments, daily transpiration rates were related by a power function to air temperature and by a logistic function to reference evapotranspiration(ET0). Transpiration rates were more susceptible to changes in the meteorological conditions in the sandy loam than in the loamy clay soil. The transpiration rate in the well-watered treatment was greater for black locust grown in the sandy loam than in the loamy clay soil. Normalized transpiration rates were unaffected by ET0 until a critical value of soil water content(θc) was attained; the θc value decreased significantly for the loamy clay soil but increased significantly for the sandy loam soil when ET0 increased. These suggested that the effect of the meteorological condition on the transpiration characteristics of black locust was dependent on soil texture.     

混凝土防渗渠道冬季输水运行中冻胀与抗冻胀力验算

为了明确渠道冬季输水时防渗衬砌层结构的抵抗渠床基土冻胀破坏作用的能力,该文理论分析了大气负温下,介入刚性防渗面层对渠基土冻胀的约束,得到作用于坡板上冻胀力的作用形式为法向冻胀力和指向坡顶的切向冻胀力,对被视为底端简支、板内无接缝、受冻胀作用的构件受力进行理论分析,得到冬季输水渠道边坡板的冻胀问题属于非垂直非全周的冻拔问题的结果,并进一步根据力学基本原理研究了刚性面层(衬砌层)承受荷载力的求解方法。依据桩的抗冻拔验算和拉弯构件的强度验算可实现冬季输水渠道抗冻胀力的计算,建立了适用于防渗渠道刚性衬砌结构设计的方法,为冬季输水梯形混凝土防渗抗冻胀渠道衬砌层厚度的准确确定提供了计算方法。     

麦秸还田耕层酚酸变化及其对夏玉米生长的影响

对大田条件下麦秸腐解过程中产生的主要化感物质酚酸的 变化及其对夏玉米吸肥量和产量的影响研究结果表明，秸秆还田可增加土壤中酚酸浓度，秸杆还田后酚酸产生的高峰期在翻埋后40d左右，施N、P化肥处理的土壤中酚酸含量较低，酚酸对夏玉米幼苗根系的生长有明显抑制作用，而对玉米产量及肥料吸收利用的影响不显著。     

玉米丸粒化种子的薄层干燥试验及其干燥模型

玉米丸粒化种子刚制成后其含水率比较大，必须及时干燥。其干燥工艺的合理选择对提高干燥效率，减少能耗，保证质量非常重要。采用正交试验的方法，对玉米丸粒化种子进行了3因素3水平的干燥试验，得出其干燥曲线为指数曲线，并分析各试验因素对干燥特性的影响。同时对不同风温下的干燥曲线进行了模型比较，采用多元线性回归分析程序，经拟合得出适合于玉米丸粒化种子的数学模型为Page模型。玉米丸粒化种子干燥特性不同于非丸粒化种子，丸粒化种子有其特定的薄层干燥方程。该模型能较好地预测各干燥阶段的干燥速率及含湿量，确定合理的干燥工艺以便调控干燥环境，达到高效低耗的目的。     

滦河典型林分枯落物层与土壤层的水文效应

[目的]研究滦河上游典型林分的枯落物层与土壤层的水文效应,为森林健康监测和评价提供依据。[方法]对滦河上游3种林分的枯落物层未分解层与半分解层进行调查研究。[结果](1)油松林的枯落物生物量为12.03t/hm2,最大持水量为19.4t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为23.52t/hm2;落叶松林的枯落物生物量为9.51t/hm2,最大持水量为11.9t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为17.03t/hm2;落叶松白桦混交林的枯落物生物量为5.54t/hm2,最大持水量为13.0t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为13.7t/hm2。(2)半分解层枯落物浸泡8h已基本达到饱和,而未分解层需浸泡10h。枯落物在浸水的前0.5h内吸水速率最大,6h左右时吸水速率明显减缓。(3)落叶松白桦混交林土壤层持水能力最强,为375.92t/hm2;油松林土壤层的持水能力最差,为248.04t/hm2。利用幂函数对入渗速率与入渗时间进行拟合,其相关系数R2均在0.98以上。[结论]油松林枯落物层的生物量、最大持水量、有效拦蓄量都最大,而落叶松白桦混交林枯落物的土壤持水能力最强。     

Do effects of soil compaction persist after ploughing? Results from 21 long-term field experiments in Sweden

The extent and persistence of the effect of soil compaction in a system with annual ploughing were investigated in 21 long-term field experiments in Sweden with a total of 259 location-years. Crop yield, soil physical properties and plant establishment were determined. All experiments had two common treatments: control (no extra traffic) and compacted (350 Mg km ha⁻¹ of experimental traffic in the autumn prior to ploughing), using a tractor and trailer with traditional wheel equipment and an axle load restricted to 4 Mg. During the rest of the year, both treatments were conventionally and equally tilled. The compaction was repeated each autumn for at least 7 years, and the yield was determined each year until 5 years after the termination of the compaction treatment.

Compaction decreased the porosity and the proportion of large pores and increased the tensile strength of dry aggregates. On clay and loam soils, it decreased the proportion of fine aggregates in the seedbed and the gravimetric soil water content in the seedbed.

The yield in the compacted treatment declined compared with the control during the first 4 years, after which it reached steady state. During this steady state, the compaction treatment caused a yield loss of 11.4%, averaged over 107 location-years. Within 4–5 years after the termination of the compaction treatment, the yield returned to the control level. The average yield loss at individual sites increased with increasing clay content.

Results from additional treatments indicated that yield loss was linearly correlated with the amount of traffic up to 300–400 Mg km ha⁻¹. With greater ground contact pressure or a greater soil water content at time of traffic, there was a greater yield loss.

Soil compaction effects on yield were similar for all spring-sown crops, and the percentage yield loss seemed to be independent of the yield. In a few location-years with winter wheat there was on average no yield decrease.

There were 5.1% less plants in the compacted treatment than in the control. The yield decrease was significantly correlated with the number of plants.

Between years results were highly variable, and no consistent correlations between yield loss and soil water content at the time of traffic or the weather conditions during the growing period were found. Soil compaction affected yield during years with good as well as poor conditions for crop growth.     

Historical change of soil Pb content and Pb isotope signatures of the cultural layers in urban Nanjing

Soils in urban areas are often artificially formed and preserved as cultural layers in which soil materials are mixed with artifacts. The vertical change of soil properties denotes the historical change of human activities, and therefore, urban soil can be considered as a record of history of urban development. We studied a deep profile of urban soil (600 cm) in Nanjing, China, by intensively sampling at every 5 cm. Soil samples were analyzed for lead content. Charcoal from several layers was found and was dated using ¹⁴C to recognize archaeological cultural layers that might be formed in different Chinese dynasties. Pb isotope ratios were determined by thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) technology. The study found that artificial deposition, i.e., the formation of cultural layer started about 1700 years ago and lasted until recently. All cultural layers above the original loess were heavily contaminated by Pb with total content varying from 100 mg kg^− 1 to more than 2000 mg kg^− 1. There were several historical periods in which Pb content peaked, indicating significant contamination by human activities, such as ancient ore smelting for various purposes and use of Pb-containing materials for handicraft manufacture. Various Pb isotope ratios of the cultural layers differed substantially from that of the original undisturbed loess in the deepest position. ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb value decreased gradually from the bottom layer to top layer, although with occasional exceptions, indicating a long-lasting mixing of extraneous sources of Pb during the entire history since ca. 300 A.D. In comparison with the isotope ratios of lead ores of different sources and that of aerosols, it was illustrated that the source of Pb in cultural layers might come from lead ores of southern China in the earlier dynasties, while Pb from north China might have contributed to the Pb source in the more recent years, suggested by the lowering of ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratio in the near-surface cultural layers. However, the impact of petrol burning on cultural layers was basically excluded, considering the relatively short history of petroleum use in this area.     

黄土区荒草地土壤水平衡的数值模拟

林草植被深层土壤干燥化是黄土高原地区生态环境建设过程中面临的重大科学问题。采用人工降雨的试验方法,对黄土高原沟壑区荒草坡地不同水文年土壤水平衡进行了数值模拟,结果表明:当植被覆盖率较高时,WAVES模型可以应用于荒草坡地土壤水平衡的模拟;土壤储水量的模拟结果与实测值趋势很吻合,但有关参数的取值还有待于进一步研究;荒草地土壤水分收支基本平衡所需的雨季降雨量和年总降雨量分别为507.0mm和747.6mm,分别高于黄土高原地区多年平均的雨季降雨量和年总降雨量,预示黄土高原地区干旱年和平水年土壤水分易收支负平衡,从而形成土壤干层。     

预切种式木薯排种机构设计与试验

针对当前预切种式木薯播种器存在充种效果差、合格指数低的问题，该研究设计了一种由落种滑板、主动辊筒、型孔摩擦带、支撑辊组、从动辊筒及储种箱等组成的预切种式木薯型孔摩擦带式精密排种机构。阐述了排种机构的基本结构和工作原理。对关键部件参数进行设计，通过理论分析确定影响排种机构充种性能的主要因素为型孔摩擦带型孔形状、型孔数量、型孔摩擦带安装倾角、型孔摩擦带速度以及种茎层厚度。基于离散元法（discrete element method,DEM）建立种茎群-型孔摩擦带仿真模型，通过单因素仿真分析各因素对充种性能及种茎群规律的影响。以充种合格指数和漏充指数为评价指标，通过二次回归正交旋转组合仿真分析确定最优参数，利用Design-Expert数据软件，建立各试验因素与评价指标的数学回归模型，并进行参数优化。结果表明，影响充种合格指数和漏充指数的因素主次顺序为型孔摩擦带速度、型孔摩擦带安装倾角和种茎层厚度，圆整后的最优参数为型孔摩擦带速度0.6 m/s、型孔摩擦带安装倾角45°，种茎层厚度250 mm，此时的模型预测充种合格指数为94.63%，漏充指数为3.42%，重充指数为1.95%。在最优参数下...